An Overview of Sanctuary Cities

While the term has no specific legal definition, a â€Å"sanctuary city† in the United States is a city or county in which undocumented immigrants are protected from deportation or prosecution for violations of U.S. federal immigration laws. In both a legal and practical sense, â€Å"sanctuary city† is a rather vague and informal term. It can, for example, indicate that the city has actually enacted laws that restrict what their police and other employees are allowed to do during encounters with undocumented immigrants. On the other hand, the term has also been applied to cities like Houston, Texas, which calls itself a â€Å"welcoming city† to undocumented immigrants but have no specific laws regarding enforcement of federal immigration laws.   In an example of a states’ rights conflict arising from the U.S. system of federalism, sanctuary cities refuse to use any local funds or police resources to enforce the national government’s immigration laws. Police or other municipal employees in sanctuary cities are not allowed to ask a person about their immigration, naturalization, or citizenship status for any reason. In addition, sanctuary city policies forbid police and other city employees from notifying federal immigration enforcement officers of the presence of undocumented immigrants living in or passing through the community. Due to its limited resources and the scope of the immigration enforcement job, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) must rely on local police to help enforce federal immigration laws. However, federal law does not require local police to locate and detain undocumented immigrants just because ICE requests they do so. Sanctuary city policies and practices may be established by local laws, ordinances or resolutions, or simply by practice or custom. In September 2015, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency estimated that about 300 jurisdictions—cities and counties—nationwide had sanctuary city laws or practices. Examples of large U.S. cities with sanctuary laws or practices include San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Boston, Detroit, Seattle, and Miami. U.S. â€Å"sanctuary cities† should not be confused with â€Å"cities of sanctuary† in the United Kingdom and Ireland that apply local policies of welcoming and encouraging the presence of refugees, asylum seekers, and others seeking safety from political or religious persecution in  their countries of origin. Brief History of Sanctuary Cities The concept of sanctuary cities is far from new. The Old Testament’s Book of Numbers speaks of six cities in which persons who had committed murder or manslaughter were allowed to claim asylum. From 600 CE until 1621 C.E., all churches in England were allowed to grant sanctuary to criminals and some cities were designated as criminal and political sanctuaries by Royal charter.   In the United States, cities and counties began adopting immigrant sanctuary policies in the late 1970s. In 1979, the Los Angeles police department adopted an internal policy known as â€Å"Special Order 40,† which stated, Officers shall not initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person. Officers shall not arrest nor book persons for violation of title 8, section 1325 of the United States Immigration code (Illegal Entry).† Political and Legislative Actions on Sanctuary Cities As the number of sanctuary cities grew over the next two decades, both the federal and state governments began taking legislative actions to require full enforcement of federal immigration laws.   On September 30, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressing the relationship between the federal government and local governments. The law focuses on illegal immigration reform and includes some of the toughest measures ever taken against illegal immigration. Aspects considered in the law include border enforcement, penalties for alien smuggling and document fraud, deportation and exclusion proceedings, employer sanctions, welfare provisions, and changes to existing refugee and asylum procedures. In addition, the law prohibits cities from banning municipal workers for reporting persons immigration status to federal authorities. A section of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 allows local police agencies to obtain training in the  enforcement of federal immigration laws. However, it fails to provide state and local law enforcement agencies with any general powers for immigration enforcement. Some States Oppose Sanctuary Cities Even in some states housing sanctuary or sanctuary-like cities and counties, legislatures and governors have taken steps to ban them.In May 2009, Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue signed state Senate Bill 269, a law prohibiting Georgia cities and counties from adopting sanctuary city policies. In June 2009, Tennessee’s Governor Phil Bredesen signed state Senate Bill 1310 banning local governments from enacting sanctuary city ordinances or policies. In June 2011, Texas Governor Rick Perry called a special session of the state legislature to consider state Senate Bill 9, a proposed law banning sanctuary cities. While public hearings on the bill were held before the Texas Senate’s Transportation and Homeland Security Committee, it was never considered by the full Texas legislature. In January 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott threatened to oust any local officials who promoted sanctuary city laws or policies. â€Å"We are working on laws that will ... ban sanctuary cities [and] remove from office any officer-holder who promotes sanctuary cities,† stated Gov. Abbott. President Trump Takes Action On January 25, 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled â€Å"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,† which, in part, directed the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to withhold funding in the form of federal grants from sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. Specifically, Section 8 (a) of the executive order states, â€Å"In furtherance of this policy, the Attorney General and the Secretary, in their discretion and to the extent consistent with law, shall ensure that jurisdictions that willfully refuse to comply with 8 U.S.C. 1373 (sanctuary jurisdictions) are not eligible to receive Federal grants, except as deemed necessary for law enforcement purposes by the Attorney General or the Secretary.† In addition, the order directed the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include â€Å"a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens.† Sanctuary Jurisdictions Dig In Sanctuary jurisdictions wasted no time in reacting to President Trump’s action. In his State of the State address, California’s Governor Jerry Brown vowed to defy President Trump’s action. â€Å"I recognize that under the Constitution, federal law is supreme and that Washington determines immigration policy,† stated Gov. Brown. â€Å"But as a state, we can and have had a role to play †¦ And let me be clear: we will defend everybody - every man, woman, and child - who has come here for a better life and has contributed to the well-being of our state.† Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel has pledged $1 million in city funds to create a legal defense fund for immigrants threatened with prosecution due to President Trump’s order. â€Å"Chicago has in the past been a sanctuary city. ... It always will be a sanctuary city,† said the mayor. On January 27, 2017, Salt Lake City Mayor Ben McAdams stated he would refuse to enforce President Trump’s order. â€Å"There has been fear and uncertainty among our refugee population the last few days,† McAdams said. â€Å"We want to reassure them that we love them and their presence is an important part of our identity. Their presence makes us better, stronger and richer.† In Tragic 2015 Shooting, Sanctuary Cities Stir Debate The tragic July 1, 2015 shooting death of Kate Steinle thrust sanctuary city laws into the center of controversy. While visiting San Francisco’s Pier 14, the 32-year old Steinle was killed by a single bullet fired from a pistol admittedly held at the time by Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, an undocumented immigrant. Garcia Zarate, a citizen of Mexico, had been deported several times and had been convicted for illegal re-entry into the United States. Days before the shooting, he had been released from a San Francisco jail after a minor drug charge against him was dismissed. Although U.S. immigration officials had issued an order that police detain him, Garcia Zarate was released him under San Francisco’s sanctuary city laws. The uproar over sanctuary cities grew on December 1, 2017, when a jury acquitted Garcia Zarate of charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, finding him guilty only of illegally possessing a fire arm. In his trial, Garcia Zarate claimed he had just found the gun and that the shooting of Steinle had been an accident. In acquitting him, the jury found reasonable doubt in Garcia Zarate’s accidental shooting claim, and under the Constitution’s guarantee of â€Å"due process of law,† guarantee, his criminal record, history of prior convictions, and immigration status were not allowed to be presented as evidence against him.   Critics of permissive immigration laws reacted to the case by complaining that sanctuary city laws too often allow dangerous, criminal illegal immigrants to remain on the streets.

Overview of the Roaring Twenties - 1383 Words

The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were an age of dramatic political, social, and economic change. Women wanted new and improved rights and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. Culture, values, and the technology of America changed and it had only just begun. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were considered as a â€Å"celebration of youth†. The many experiences that came from WWI had transitioned into the growth of cities, new industries, and new morals. Women finally won the right to vote in 1920, and there were new roles for them in the workplace. Many of the social changes greatly affected the new world. There was an increasing availability of birth control which eventually led to a decline of the birth rate. Technology made everything easier†¦show more content†¦Louis Armstrong was a stupendous trumpet player whom made many historical recordings in the 1920s. Also, during this age all the people wanted to do was dance, and New York wa s the most popular place to be. There were many different new dances during the jazz age that were popular. Some were the cake walk, the black bottom, the flea hop, and most popular, the jitter bug. Many jazz bands played at dance halls in New York City and in the Aragon in Chicago. All of the radio stations around America played jazz. During this time, 100 million phonograph records were sold in 1927 alone. Some of the older people disagreed with the jazz music’s objective of vulgarity and immoral situations (History1900s). The Jazz Age was also marked by many artists, authors, and scientists. One famous artist was F. Scott Fitzgerald, who wrote the â€Å"Great Gatsby† in 1925. It took him five months to write. This book explained and magnified the â€Å"Roaring Twenties† and the Jazz Age. Another wonderful author was Theodore Dreiser. He wrote â€Å"An American Society†. This novel described the urban settings and economic problems (Course-N otes). One of the most famous authors of this time was Ernest Hemingway, who wrote â€Å"A Farewell to Arms†. He depicted the lives of men and women’s values during and after WWI (Yoonhee). These were some of the most known authors of the Twenties. The Jazz Age also led to an increase of drunkenness throughout theShow MoreRelatedLifestyles of the Rich and Famous in the Roaring Twenties Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesFamous in the Roaring 20’s The Roaring Twenties†, The Era of Wonderful Nonsense, The Decade of the Dollar , The Period of the Psyche, Dry Decade and the age of Alcohol and Al Capone†, these slogans are all ways to describe the 1920’s in just a few words. (The 1920s: Lifestyles and Social Trends: Overview) The 1920’s were a decade of parties, money, and extravagant lifestyles. The decade portrayed the American Dream of women, money, alcohol, music, and partying. In the twenties dresses wereRead MoreCulture during the 20s-40s: Great Gatsby1365 Words   |  6 Pagesand particular events during these decades influenced many rebellious outbreaks going against societal norms. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† (1920-30), had a major impact on adolescent behavior in America, starting in New Orleans, moving into Chicago and later, New York City. Throughout the 1930s-1940s a new adolescent culture emerged, influenced by early upheavals during the 1920s. The twenties were years of prodigious changes and prosperity in many areas of society; for example, revolutionary changes in musicRead MoreThe Culture of the 1920s in America Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s, often referred to as the Roaring Twenties, was a time of great change and a time of powerful enthusiasm in many areas of society. The world had just finished the biggest war in history, the First World War, and the United States was left almost unharmed by the war. The United States was able to experience a decade of peace and success following the war. During this decade, America became the wealthiest country in the world (Trueman, 2000). The people in the United States went through aRead MoreAmerican Society During The Roaring Twenties1844 Words   |  8 PagesThe Roaring Twenties was known to many as an infamous age of sex, lawlessness, and prohibition. The twenties were much more than that actually it was time where the American society had a dramatic shift from i ts rural roots to the bustling city. American society was changing from the rural farm days. Many people were moving into the city and buying new gadgets that were being invited. Society was turning into a consumer Society this meant that many people across the country were buying the same productsRead MoreLiterary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott1100 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Gatsby’s most disappointing character. If The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as the Great American Novel then maybe the historical context, biographical overview, the characters is what makes the novel so important to American culture. The Great Gatsby, a book based on the culture of the Roaring Twenties, took place in the 1920’s and was then published in 1925. The 1920’s were a time after World War 1 was completed and everyone wanted to finally have fun and enjoy life. ThisRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 Pagesexaggerated lifestyle of the protagonist, Jay Gatsby, to criticize the inherent motivations necessary to acquire the American Dream. Bibliography lists 8 sources. Filename: KTgatsby.wps The Great Gatsby: The Decline of This 5 page paper provides an overview of the issues presented in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. This paper outlines the way in which the novel represents the decline of modern values in the post-World War I era and the depiction of this through the culmination of GatsbysRead MoreA Medical Revolution Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately forty million victims, eradicating nearly twenty percent of the entire world’s population, or about one out of five individuals (Peters, ix). To make matters more dire, the ill-suited medical community was exceptionally unprepared for such a wide-scale pandemic: Doctors had very basic tools, knew little about diseases, and had no experience with vaccinations or prevention (Peters, 1-5; â€Å"The 1920s: Medicine and Health: Overview†, n.p.). People blindly faced the epidemic, relying onRead MoreTrends of Marriage and Divorce Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pageslest they dry up like cacti before they bore children. Today, marriage is generally recognized as a commitment that may satisfy some, though many choose to forgo the process. The differences between the cultural perception of marriage in the â€Å"Roaring Twen ties† compared to today have manifested themselves in many different ways. Marriage in the 1920s was less of an option, and more of an expectation. Despite a decline in marriage rates compared to decades previous, marriage was still consideredRead MoreEssay on Symbols of The Great Gatsby 1249 Words   |  5 Pagesdreams, moral decline, and hardships in America . The Roaring Twenties were a different time altogether with its bootleggers and speakeasies, women becoming more independent, the poor becoming poorer, but through all this was The American Dream keeping the hope afloat. F. Scott Fitzgerald captured this era in his book, The Great Gatsby. Through his many symbols he illustrates the hopes, the forgotten God, and the oppressed Americans of the Twenties. The symbols in The Great Gatsby help convey severalRead MoreEnviromental Scanning1269 Words   |  6 Pagescocaine. The beverage quickly became in demand and competitive advantage strategies were employed. Although the ingredient of cocaine was eliminated, the company flourished throughout the prohibition area and expanded internationally by late â€Å"roaring twenties.† In the early stages of Coca-Cola differentiation advantage techniques were employed, such as strict standards of mixture at soda fountains that formulated a uniform quality product that would distinguish them from other soft drinks (RetroPlanet

Oil Drilling Free Essays

Have you ever seen an animal covered in sludge, helpless and weak? Offshore oil drilling is one of our world’s biggest concerns. Offshore oil drilling is the discovery of finding oil or gasoline resources underwater. Usually the oil is found off the coasts of each continent and can also be found in lakes and small seas. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Drilling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Drilling for oil provides the energy to make fuels for cars and other machinery. Many different platforms can be used for offshore oil drilling such as drill ships, jack up barges, steel jackets, and semi-submersibles for deeper water areas. The issue at hand is that oil drilling can lead to oil spills into oceans, seas, and lakes and can harm the environment. Barge collisions, explosions, leaks, spills, and pipeline corrosion are all key factors in the harmful effects of oil drilling. Drilling leads to pollution in the environment and kills many organisms and aquatic animals. Animals play a key role in society, especially the marine animals. Long term effects create damage to the food chain, fisheries, health, the ecosystem balance, and enjoyment of nature. Oil spills harm the lives of marine life and the federal government allows them to be killed during gas and oil drilling. When explosives are used to remove the oil rigs, pipelines can be demolished the oil will spill everywhere. Aquatic life is endangered around these oil rigs and causes many hatchlings not to be brought into the world. Sea turtles are attracted to bright lights and if the oil rig has created an explosion, they will head toward that direction, endangering their own lives for vicious predators along the way. Not only is marine life affected, but birds. Many types of birds are endangered as well like ducks, seagulls, and pelicans. If the ocean is polluted with toxic oil and they decide to swim in it, all the oil will get stuck on their feathers not allowing them to fly. Oil drilling is dangerous and can lead to the extinction of many animals. The United States needs oil, but offshore drilling is not the way to get it. There are plenty of other alternatives we can use to create gasoline such an ethanol. Ethanol uses agricultural products to make an alternative gas product and it has proven to proven to be cost effective. The U. S. should also use hybrid cars and electric vehicles instead of relying on oil. Forms of transportation should also be aware of the oil efficiency and should begin using smart growth to make less pollution and reduce gridlock. Air pollution will be cut and the amount of oil used will be reduced for a better environment. Offshore oil drilling does provide large amounts of oil, but there should be a limit on how much should be consumed at one given time. Another key factor of oil drilling is the cost. President Barack Obama has come up with energy proposals to help the environment and cut the costs our nation has put on oil. â€Å"In order to save energy and taxpayer dollars, my administration is doubling the number of hybrid vehicles in the federal fleet, even as we seek to reduce the number of cars and trucks used by our government overall,† Obama said. His plans are too drill along the Southern Atlantic coastlines and move away from Alaska, for it is too dangerous and risky for the environment. Expanding drilling is definitely not the solution our country needs and therefore; something needs to be done. Since the land that is going to be drilled cannot provide a base for offshore drilling as it does for onshore drilling, an artificial platform must be created. This artificial platform can take many forms, depending on the characteristics of the well to be drilled, including how far underwater the drilling target is. One of the most important pieces of equipment for offshore drilling is the subsea drilling template. Essentially, this piece of equipment connects the underwater well site to the drilling platform on the surface of the water. This device, resembling a cookie cutter, consists of an open steel box with multiple holes in it, dependent on the number of wells to be drilled. This drilling template is placed over the well site, and usually lowered into the exact position required using satellite and GPS technology. A relatively shallow hole is then dug, in which the drilling template is cemented into place. The drilling template, secured to the sea floor and attached to the drilling platform above with cables, allows for accurate drilling to take place, but allows for the movement of the platform, which will inevitably be affected by shifting wind and water currents. There are two basic types of offshore drilling rigs: those that can be moved from place to place, allowing for drilling in multiple locations, and those rigs that are permanently placed. Moveable rigs are often used for exploratory purposes because they are much cheaper to use than permanent platforms. Once large deposits of hydrocarbons have been found, a permanent platform is built to allow their extraction. The sections below describe a number of different types of moveable offshore platforms. Drilling barges are used mostly for inland, shallow water drilling. This typically takes place in lakes, swamps, rivers, and canals. Drilling barges are large, floating platforms, which must be towed by tugboat from location to location. Suitable for still, shallow waters, drilling barges are not able to withstand the water movement experienced in large open water situations. Semisubmersible rigs are the most common type of offshore drilling rigs, combining the advantages of submersible rigs with the ability to drill in deep water. A semisubmersible rig works on the same principle as a submersible rig: through the ‘inflating’ and ‘deflating’ of its lower hull. The main difference with a semisubmersible rig, however, is that when the air is let out of the lower hull, the rig does not submerge to the sea floor. Instead, the rig is partially submerged, but still floats above the drill site. When drilling, the lower hull, filled with water, provides stability to the rig. Semisubmersible rigs are held in place by huge anchors, each weighing upwards of 10 tons. These anchors, combined with the submerged portion of the rig, ensure that the platform is stable and safe enough to be used in turbulent offshore waters. Semisubmersible rigs can be used to drill in much deeper water than the rigs mentioned above. Drillships are exactly as they sound: ships designed to carry out drilling operations. These boats are specially designed to carry drilling platforms out to deep-sea locations. A typical drillship will have, in addition to all of the equipment normally found on a large ocean ship, a drilling platform and derrick located on the middle of its deck. In addition, drillships contain a hole (or ‘moonpool’), extending right through the ship down through the hull, which allows for the drill string to extend through the boat down into the water. Drillships are often used to drill in very deep water, which can often be turbulent. Drillships use what is known as ‘dynamic positioning’ systems. Drillships are equipped with electric motors on the underside of the ship’s hull, capable of propelling the ship in any direction. These motors are integrated into the ship’s computer system, which uses satellite positioning technology, in conjunction with sensors located on the drilling template, to ensure that the ship is directly above the drill site at all times. Offshore oil drilling creates disasters not only in the ocean or seas, but generates explosions of the oil rig itself. Bits and pieces of the rig can rust at the bottom of the ocean and endanger precious reefs and homes of animals. I believe offshore oil drilling is a mistake and should be limited around the world. There are plenty of renewable energy sources to survive off of. Fuels can be costly but the environment would be a safer place to live in. Having a limited supply of oil can save millions of aquatic lives and provide worries from environmentalists will be satisfied. Drilling should be banned all together to save human lives as well. Many have been lost because of accidental explosives. Hopefully oil drilling will end soon and promote the general welfare of living in a clean, oil-free environment. Works Cited http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2525743/posts http://english.aljazeera.net/business/2010/03/201033118235692566.html How to cite Oil Drilling, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility CSR

Question: Write an essay on Corporate Social responsibility. Answer: Introduction CSR or say Corporate Social responsibility has been given a lot of attention by the public in this late decade or so. Nowadays, a company is not evaluated by the value of profit which it has been making rather the success of the company is decided by the services it gives back to the community which the company is affecting along with the environment. CSR is more of a moral duty rather than a rigid and fixed law in the international market. This is the reason why many people have raised a question at the very existence of the CSR principle, and many have doubts regarding the mutual benefits which both the community and the company can have a single set of CSR. Corporate philanthropy, which is sometimes confused with corporate social responsibility, is an important component of corporate social responsibility. The key to corporate philanthropy is to give back to the society with its resources, often financial donations or non-financial aids like providing education programs, medical programs, food, etc. (William 2016). Some corporate are more committed to corporate philanthropy than others. The reasons why corporate are committed to corporate philanthropy can be summed up into three different types. To start with, it is because corporate can use their charitable acts to improve their competitive context, meaning that corporate can improve the quality of the business environment in which they are operating. Secondly, corporate can use corporate philanthropy to get support from different communities or organizations and surrounding markets, because by committing to corporate philanthropy, a corporate can show the society that it is fulfilling its duty and it has good social ethics. As a consequence, communities and surrounding markets might be willing to cooperate with the corporate. Thirdly, a good will that a corporate can generate through corporate philanthropy is capable of increasing customers' interest and raise favorable opinions towards the corporate. However, some corporations do not commit themselves to corporate philanthropy as much as their peers on account of human psychology. They believe that "the more companies donate, the more is expected of them." (Porter Kramer, 2002)Also, the associated costs can be very high. It might be true in some cases, but it should not be the reason not to commit to corporate philanthropy. Understanding CSR Background Now, let us discuss CSR in detail then we will discuss different benefits and disadvantages of CSR, and the very last section of our paper will talk about acceptance and negligence of corporate philanthropy by some organizations and not by some of them. The big fat entrepreneur companies have always had an impact on the society as to providing the basic needs of day to day life, raising the standard of living and creating newer and maintaining old financial and physical assets. As soon as these objectives have been achieved, societies have grown further targets for the firms to take care of and soon the corporate had to look farther than their own employees' well-being to keeping the needs of nature and society under check. Right from the 19th century- the owners of different business realized that to boost their sales of activities and production, it was required to improve the then current problems and issue which included medical facilities, living conditions, and poverty. Precedi ng to 1900s', people used to take CSR with a cynical eye and thought that CSR led to giving away the benefits of the stakeholders' without their endorsement and the benefits were lawfully limited to the advantages of an organization. From the year 1930 till now, the bigger and stable organization were looked at as a team which was bound by social welfare and obligations. Hence, the concept of CSR and Corporate philanthropy started taking place in the years of 1950's and had undergone several changes to become what it is known in today's world (Caroll, 1999). Importance It can be said that CSR has been the bridge between good and sound corporate duties and obligations and the loopholes of several government and private sector policies. Corporate philanthropy and CSR are a way for promoting and backing up the firms and people who have been left behind under the transition of rapid growth. CSR tends to be a major principle or duty of an organization because the range covered by CR is very wide starting from legal, social, environmental and economical. It is a fact that more than 500 Fortune companies have allocated more than 90% of their resources for activities of CSR. The traditional sense of business asks the management to maximize the cash flow of the firm within the market as much as possible, and the activities done through CSR and Corporate philanthropy indirectly help the managers and CEO's to stay true to this facet of the traditional business keeping. As per a survey or more than 600 companies, the initiatives of CSR can be streamlined under categories namely non-country. operations environment, employee support, product and diversity (Kinder, 2003). (www.ecotime.com) Advantages There are a lot of benefits to a firm for engaging in corporate philanthropy and the CSR activities (the paper will talk about CSR and philanthropy collectively in the following sections by just naming CSR). These impacts are not just centered on the organization rather the activities have a positive effect on a lot of stakeholders also such as the management, employees, nation, locality, society and finally nature. Let us look at the advantages of CSR. Firstly, it leads to the increase in market value and profit. Yes, it is true that CSR activities are weakly linked with this but still a positive relation is visible between market value and the CSR initiatives. As per an empirical study, it was noticed that an average placed company with a market value of $48 would be affected by a single unit of CSR rating, and an increase of $17 can be visible in their total growth. Secondly, some of the unique and well-planned initiatives create a good image in front of the customers and the society which works as an instant publicity and hence, attracting the potential customers and keeping the active customers interested. Thirdly, CSR helps in increasing the satisfaction of the customers because these activities help in creating goodwill such that the customers are easily able to drag the products out of competition. Fourthly, CSR activities lead to increase in enhanced productivity and employee satisfacti on. The philanthropic activities back up and support the employee of the organization who has not been able to help the society till now in a productive manner. These activities also assist in harnessing different quality sets in the employees. Hence, a combined personal and community advantage to the employee is helping the firm for creating a hassle-free and healthy working environment (Kramer, 2002). CSR helps the organization in creating a positive brand image as well as corporate reputation and the entire CSR system is flexible enough to align the activities with the business activities. As per various studies, CSR leads to positive environmental and social impact and reduce the number of operations costs through a process of innovative processes, services and products- for example, at times firms are engaged in re-engineering their plants such that pollution is reduced in the surrounding society and this at times may also lead to a reduction in the production cost. Disadvantages In recent times, CSR activities and corporate philanthropy have become more of an obligation and quite pervasive in nature, hence, there are some challenges obstacles, if one looks through an old view of the stakeholder. Most o the activities of CSR act as a cost centre for the organizations and most of the times, organizations are not able to fulfil their primary motive of maximizing the value of shareholders, these sources of investment do not lead to any considerable measures for returning good values to the stakeholders. At the time of allocation of duties many of the good employees are made to invest time in such philanthropic activities which result in a reduction of working hours for their primary objective hence, hindering the collective goal of the firm, stake holder, and personal goals. The employees are exhausted due to absolute requirements of such tasks. A lot of NGO's and other firms have pointed out at the very intent of big financially fat organizations for doing such noble works. Today, it can be said that most of the corporate are doing such activities to practice PR exercises and keeping in mind the financial benefits alone. So is it right? If it is helping both society and the firms but if it not ethical? In today's time, the CSR and philanthropic works have become integrated into the system of the businesses and this at times can hinder the smooth working of the organizations as companies are not ready to face the repercussions of untimed and over CSR activities. Because of inculcation of CSR activities, many workplaces can become hub of tension and packed schedules as the employees will be forced to work on their primary task and the philanthropic tasks simultaneously which will make the employees fatigued and over burden, this, in turn, is not a good sign for stakeholders to invest time and money in such organizations. Hence, CSR can be seen as a potential risk Now, the following sections will talk about reasons why different firms are opting for philanthropic tasks and why they do not. Grounds for some companies being more committed to corporate philanthropy It is so true, and it can be experienced by us in many ways, all we need to do is just go to any nearby university, hospital or museum and we will find several examples of corporate philanthropy. The organizations have been empathetic about contributing to the society both through charity and also by making their practices more and more socially responsible. As the CEO of Unilever, Paul Polman says that a CEO today is not judged alone by the amount of profit he is making for the organization rather he is also judged by the impact which he/she is having on the society in all. Hence, this dip in the ratio of contribution does bewilder but as some of the experts have marked this drop as an indication of corporate giving by theory that quality of giving overpowers the quantity of giving. Well, no sure shot proof is provided regarding his trend but now let us see at some of the factors which do affect corporate organization while doing philanthropic tasks (Kramer, 2002). The arguments by Friedan in 1970 started a debate which is still persistent, and firms are still under dilemma of using or not using corporate philanthropy. Yes, Friedman can be stated as true looking at the current status of social services given by organizations. They are unfocused and profit oriented, but there are other facets also which organizations are doing and practicing social philanthropy in a proper manner. Companies use these services for enhancing their competitive context, for improving the quality of business in the regions where they operate and also in the periphery regions (Watch, 2006). Secondly, usage of social philanthropy aligns the socio-economic goals of a company, and the company can enhance the long-term prospects. Thirdly, corporations which are practicing social giving in today's tome can provide charity and leverage their relationships and capabilities in social and charitable causes. Such acts from the firms have a far-reaching effect on the society which cannot be encompassed by individual donors, government or foundations (Wasson, 2015). Context-focused philanthropy helps the firms using corporate philanthropy to gain socially as well as economically. For example, Cisco Systems has invested in an ambitious program for education purpose named the Cisco Networking Academy which has taken the onus to train administrators of computer networking, which has led to enormous growth of the company and at the same time it has helped in providing the society with opportunities of new jobs to the high school graduates. Cisco has been able to turn another stone and unlocking the potential of social philanthropy by focusing on the social needs which affect its business and also using its unique features of organization for addressing these needs (Smith, 1994). CSR activities have been helping the companies in indulging and involving with the local communities in an intensive manner. Some of the sustainable business has today turned out to be the biggest profit gaining firms and it is all due to the trust of stakeholders in the transparent working of the firm. Today, more the companies are vocal about their operation more trust they gain from the people which attract more customers automatically. Hence, there is no doubt as to why some companies have really taken the bull of CSR by its horns and are trying to inculcate the different practices in their system of working and be an arsenal of socio-economic growth for society Reasons for some firms being less committed to corporate philanthropy It is important to keep in mind that quantity alone and percentages are not the right markers for measuring the philanthropic works done by organizations. For example, in U.S. in the last 30 years, the percent e of the pretax profit have important one down from a high of 2.1 percent in the year 1981 to a low 0.8 percent in the year 2012. The year to year ratios do vary, but it is ironic that the contribution purposes have risen in periods of reduced corporate earnings. Now, not everyone feels that social philanthropy is something which an organization should practice so intensively and on a regular basis. At the times of social calamity, yes, the groups should help on the grounds of humanity but not under flourishing economic times. In a New York Times article, Chicago economist, Milton Friedman said that every business organization has the onus of just one social responsibility, and that is to use its resources potential and engage in activities which boost the productivity and profits of the organization. As per Friedman, corporate philanthropy was just simple giving without even authorizing formalities or the business plan with various stakeholders such as customers, employees, and management and for him, this entire scheme is nothing more than a fraud. People might find his thinking to be unorthodox, but this is the view which many firms share and do not practice the CSR and philanthropic duties and neglect them entirely. When he was provided at the notion of community sport being an imperative for better business and increasing profits, he apparently dismissed the idea saying that it was just, "hypocritical window dressing." In America, FDR also opposed the legislation of community support to be deducted as a business expense on similar grounds as Friedman, but it was only after vigorous opposition from big business firms that it had to be pulled down by Roosevelt's government. CSR became more and less known, and if we peep back in near the past, then we can say that Steve Job steered Apple was almost missing from any philanthropic activity, and there is no doubt that silent support within the organization for such notions works as an effective brake on the corporate giving (Du, 2015). Secondly, it can be said that the decline in corporate giving is directly related to the increase in pay of CEO's of the company. Not only the CEO pay had risen fourfold, but the mix compensation also changed drastically effecting social giving. This led to more money staked at stock market from the end of the CEO, and they had to work around tight corners to keep the higher quality of a company by neglecting the social welfare activities. Now for example, in the window of 2001-03, the aggregate percentage of the salary of top five CEO was around $92 billion which rounded up to more than 10.3 percent of the firms total and almost seventy percent of this compensation was tethered to the share price. Most of the payments were made on the short-ranged measures and as Curt Weeden who is a leading expert of corporate philanthropist, said that if corporate firms are eyeing at short-ranged results than the social giving are going to experience the bad impact (Stern, 2013). Thirdly, the more you give, the more expectations rise, this is definitely at the back of the management team's mind, and they feel no matter how much they cater to the society, the society will keep coming back with bigger and heftier needs which will soon engulf the private organizations and make them virtually Non-profit organizations or finish them. The organizations at times go way beyond in order to be philanthropic which can hurt their image. For example, in the year 2003, Coca-Cola was forced to release sensitive information about a problem in their systems due to which chemical had leaked in their bottled beverages. Although, the company did a good work by informing the society of its own short comings but the sales of the company dropped 60% for a short term window of two weeks. Philanthropic duties lead the organizations to a more sophisticated working and they are forced to change their thinking for the business in many ways which leads to a cumbersome working and operations. For example, Wall-Mart has a strict regulation for product quality. Hence, the suppliers are forced to invest more time in production which overburdens the suppliers whereas other competitors are able to work at lower budgets and invest less time in activities related to production (Evans, 2012). Conclusion As the income gap increases rapidly and as there is tremendous pressure on the natural resources for sustaining the human population, the CSR initiatives are really important for restoring the very faith amidst our mankind. This belief has to be backed up by the capable and strong resources of the business firms. The CSR should be seen as an innovation, opportunity, and competitive advantage by various firms which ultimately lead to happier consumers. Nowadays, companies are adopting the CSR strategies more rapidly into their vision, system and mission statements and aligning it with their aims. Hence, bringing the CSR initiatives closer and more integral to their very existence (Luo Bhattacharya, 2006) It is really important for todays world industries to follow CSR and for their company's competitiveness. The CSR brings along with itself various factors ranging from cost savings, risk management, customer relationships, and access to capital, innovation capacity and human resource management. CSR will help in promoting as well as encouraging more environmental and social responsibilities to be extracted from the big and small corporate companies at such a time when consumer confidence on companies and entrust in businesses has slumped down considerably due to crisis. If we talk about the European nations alone, then through CSR, firms can contribute in a hefty manner to the treaty objectives of the European Union which promote and account for ahigh level of competition in social market economy and sustainable development. The principles of CSR clearly support the objectives of the master strategy of Europe which is supposed to be fulfilled till 2020 strategy relating to sustainable, smart and inclusive growth. Engagement withvarious internal and external stakeholdersis the need of CSR practices hence, it help the company to anticipate the future prospects in a better way and they are able to get advantage in rapidly changing expectations of the society along with the operating conditions which means that CSR can also act as a medium for developing the newer markets. Hence, CSR helps in creating real time opportunities for growth purposes. The social responsibilities ensure that enterprises are able tobuild and maintain the long-ranged consumer, citizen and employee trust as a core for their sustainable models of business (Ariadne, N.D.). Although, it is important for the companies to go round the obstacle of disorientation and non focussed philanthropic activities because it will only burden the companies stakeholders and make them despair as they will see loss of resources in unwanted situations. It is really essential to keep a check on CSR activities and management should be vigilant enough not to exhaust their resources or empathy from the society. The competitors can use the ploy of CSR for regarding a companys image and represent the company as using CSR activities for only PR activities and doing it for their own good. Companies have got a really fine line to work around CSR and it is their duty that they should ensure that Friedmans word should not turn out to be true and they are able to grow also along with helping the society and its stakeholders equally. References Backhaus, K. B., Stone, B. A., Heiner, K. (2002). Exploring the relationship between corporate social performance and employer attractiveness. Business Society, Vol. 41 No. 3, September: 292-318. Barbara, R.Bartkus, Sara, A. Morris. (2015). Look whos talking: Corporate philanthropy and firm disclosure. International Journal of Business Social and Research. Vol 5, No 1. Friedman, M.(1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New YorkTimes Magazine, September 13: 122-126. Garriga, E. Mel.(2004). Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping theterritory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 51-71. Godfrey, PC.(2005). The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholderwealth: A risk management perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30: 777-798. Lockett, A., Moon, J. Visser, W.(2006). Corporate social responsibility in managementresearch: Focus, nature, salience and sources of influence. Journal of ManagementStudies, 43(1), 115-136. Marquis, C, Lee, M.(2015). Who is governing whom? Executives, governance, and thestructure of generosity in large U.S. firms. Strategic Management Journal, 34: 483-497. McWilliams, A. Siegel, D. S. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of thefirm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26, 117-127. Michael, E., Porter, Mark, R., Kramer. (2002). The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Harvard Business Review. 1-16. Wang, H, Qian, C.(2011). Corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance: Theroles of stakeholder response and political access. Academy of Management Journal, 54:1159-1181. Werbel, JD, Carter, SM.(2002). The CEOs influence on corporate foundation giving.Journal of Business Ethics, 40: 47-60. William, O. Brown, Eric, Helland, Janet,Kiholm, Smith. (2006) Corporate philanthropic practices. Journal of Corporate Finance 12: 855877. Zengxiang, Chen, Yunhui, Huang. (2016).Cause-related marketing is not always less favorable than corporatephilanthropy: The moderating role of self-construal. International Journal of Research in Marketing.. Bereskin, F. L., Campbell, T. I., Hsu, P. (2016). Corporate philanthropy, research networks, and collaborative innovation. Financial Management, (1). 175. Du, X. (2015). Is Corporate Philanthropy Used as Environmental Misconduct Dressing? Evidence from Chinese Family-Owned Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, (2), 341. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2163-2 Mao, W., Pearce, J. I., Wasson, R. R. (2015). Profits and Corporate Philanthropy: An Economic Rationale for Dual Mission Firms. Managerial And Decision Economics, 36(7), 439-455. Kramer, M. (2002, December 1).The competitive advantage of corporate philanthropy. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Public relations, https://hbr.org/2002/12/the-competitive-advantage-of-corporate-philanthropy Smith, C. N. (1994, May 1).The new corporate philanthropy. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from Ethics, https://hbr.org/1994/05/the-new-corporate-philanthropy Stern, K. (2013, August 8).Why dont corporations give to charity?Retrieved June 15, 2016, from https://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/08/corporations_don_t_give_to_charity_why_the_most_profitable_companies_are.html Watch, C. (2006).WHATS WRONG WITH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? The arguments against CSR. Retrieved June 15, 2016, from https://corporatewatch.org/content/whats-wrong-corporate-social-responsibility-arguments-against-csr Carroll, A.B., 1999. Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct.Business society,38(3), pp.268-295 Kinder, L., 2003. Domini Research Analytics.Socrates: The Corporate Social Ratings Monitor